robust design

1) Вычислительная техника: робастное проектирование (напр. отказоустойчивых ПЛМ)

2) Химическое оружие: прочная конструкция

1) проектирование; конструирование; разработка || проектировать; конструировать; разрабатывать

2) проект; замысел

3) конструкция

4) расчёт

5) схема; чертёж; эскиз

6) эксп. план || составлять план

•

- architectural design

1. проект; конструкция; схема <ЛА>/ проектный

2. проектирование; разработка; конструирование; синтез/ проектировать; разрабатывать; конструировать; синтезировать

3. расчет/ рассчитывать/ расчетный

см. тж. design

"clean-sheet-of-paper" design

design for low vibration

design for supportability

design to constraints

design to cost

aerodynamic design

aerodynamically unstable design

aircraft design

airfoil design

all-altitude design

all-wing design

amphibious design

analytical design

arrow-wing design

attached-flow design

augmentation design

autopilot design

avionics design

balanced design

baseline design

bearingless design

canard design

cockpit design

compensator design

computerized design

conceptual design

configuration design

constrained design

control design

control augmentation design

control law design

controller design

crew station design

CTOL design

damage tolerant design

decoupled design

delta-wing design

delta-winged design

detail design

detailed design

display design

double-scoop design

durability design

elastic design

fail-safe design

fallback design

fatigue design

feedback design

feedback loop design

fighter design

filter design

final production design

fixed gain design

fixed-sweep design

flutter design

flying knife design

flying-wing design

fracture mechanics design

frequency domain design

full-state design

full-scale design

fully-stressed design

handling-qualities design

high-tail design

high-wing design

hydrodynamic design

in-house design

inelastic design

inlet design

input design

iterative design

joined-wing design

laminate design

land based design

landing gear design

layout design

least-mass design

Lyapunov design

lift-plus-cruise design

linear regulator design

logic design

logistics design

long-nosed design

longitudinal design

low-boom design

low-cost design

low-wing design

LQG/LTR design

LQR design

macro-structural design

micro-structural design

minimum weight design

multiple-input-multiple-output design

nonrobust design

oblique-wing design

observer design

observer-based design

optimum design

outboard-pivot design

pitch design

podded design

point design

powered-lift design

preliminary design

propeller design

RALS design

reduced order design

reliability-conscious design

robust design

roll-yaw design

rotorcraft design

sensitivity-reduction design

shape optimal design

single-finned design

single-seat design

stealth design

STOVL design

strengthened design

structural design

support-conscious design

swing-wing design

system design

T-tail design

tail-aft design

tail-first design

tandem-wing design

thermoelastic design

three-shaft design

three-surface design

to design in

torsional design

twin-boom design

twin-pod design

two-shaft design

two-spool design

unconstrained design

undercarriage design

vortex-flow design

VTOL design

washin design

washout design

wheel design

wide-body design

Wiener-Hopf design

wing-winglet design

robust [rəʊˈbʌst]

( = strong) [person, appetite, economy] robuste ; [material] résistant ; [object, design] solide

• to be in robust health avoir une santé robuste

* * *

adjective [health, person, toy] robuste; [economy] solide; [humour] fruste; [reply, attitude, tackle] énergique; [wine, flavour] corsé

- robustly

tr[rəʊ'bʌst]

adjective

1 robusto,-a, fuerte

robust [ro'bʌst, 'ro:.bʌst] adj

: robusto, fuerte

♦ robustly adv

• forcejudo, -a adj.

• fornido, -a adj.

• forzoso, -a adj.

• forzudo, -a adj.

• jampudo, -a adj.

• recio, -a adj.

• robusto, -a adj.

• tieso, -a adj.

• trabado, -a adj.

• vigoroso, -a adj.

• válido, -a adj.

adjective <person/animal> robusto, fuerte; < health> de hierro; < appetite> bueno; <material/construction> resistente, sólido

[rǝʊ'bʌst]

1) (=solid, hardy) [person, constitution] robusto, fuerte; [plant] robusto; [material, design, object] resistente, sólido; [economy] fuerte

2) (=vigorous) [defence] enérgico, vigoroso; [sense of humour] saludable

3) (=strong) [flavour, aroma, wine] fuerte

* * *

adjective <person/animal> robusto, fuerte; < health> de hierro; < appetite> bueno; <material/construction> resistente, sólido

<tech.gen> (material, construction) ■ robust; stabil

GB <tech.gen> (design, construction; e.g. body) ■ robust; widerstandsfähig; unempfindlich

< food> (wine; rich in extract, tough yet rounded) ■ kräftig

1. проблема; задача

2. проблема; трудность

problem of three bodies

aerodynamic problem

aeroelastic problem

aeroservoelastic problem

bending problem

best-range problem

birdstrike problem

Blasius boundary layer stability problem

Bolza problem

boundary value problem

Boussinesq problem

buckling problem

calculus of variations problem

Chebyshev problem

compressible problem

constrained problem

contact problem

continuum problem

control problem

corrosion problem

coupling control problem

crack problem

cross-coupling problem

cross-coupling robust design problem

design problem

deterministic problem

direct problem

discrete variable problem

divergence problem

eigenvalue problem

elastic contact problem

elastic torsion problem

elastoplastic problem

elastostatic problem

engine problem

engine-out problem

estimation problem

fatigue problem

feedback problem

fixed endpoint problem

Flamant problem

flap-lag problem

flap-lag-torsion problem

flight dynamics problem

flutter problem

g-LOC-in-flight problem

g-tolerance problem

guidance problem

handling problem

hardware problem

high-order problem

high-g problem

icing problem

impact problem

in-service problem

incompressible problem

Lamb's problem

landing problem

lifting surface problem

linear regulator problem

linear quadratic Gaussian problem

LQG problem

maneuver problem

mechanics problem

minimax problem

minimum time problem

minimum time-to-climb problem

minimum fuel problem

minimum time to turn problem

multi-input multi-output problem

nonself-adjoint problem

nonlinear inequality-constrained problem

numerical problem

optimal control problem

optimal guidance problem

optimization problem

PIO problem

plane stress problem

post-buckling problem

pursuit-evasion problem

robustness problem

rotor-fuselage problem

rotorcraft problem

saddle point problem

safety-of-flight problem

scattering problem

stability problem

stall problem

statically determinate problem

stepped-altitude problem

stress problem

Sturm-Liouville problem

supersonic aircraft problem

synthesis problem

tail-rotor problem

takeoff problem

targeting problem

thermoelasticity problem

three-state problem

time-delay-related problem

traveling salesman problem

twist problem

two-dimensional airfoil problem

two-point boundary value problem

unconstrained problem

variational problem

vibration problem

viscoelastic problem

visibility problem

visual problem

1) приводить к

2) провоцировать; спровоцировать

3) обусловливать / обусловливаться (о факторе, величине сигнала)

4) влиять на

5) быть дополнительной / еще одной причиной чего-л.

6) определяться (малой толщиной, вторым сомножителем)

7) вносить (погрешность, неопределенность)

8) иметь; обладать

9) составлять; давать ( новую информацию); создавать

10) быть причиной / источником чего-л.

11) облегчать ( сделать что-л.)

12) способствовать чему-л.; делать что-л. для

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.

Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.

In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.

Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.

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